Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part I (2025)

The position of women in ancient India underwent significant transformations across different historical periods. In pre-Aryan times, a matriarchal system prevailed where women held central roles in religious, social, and familial structures, as evidenced by archaeological findings from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and textual references from Sankhya Shastra. However, with the arrival of the Vedic Aryans, a patriarchal structure emerged where men assumed dominant roles, although women continued to enjoy access to education and active participation in religious rituals. The Rigvedic period witnessed both respect for women and a preference for male progeny, yet practices such as Brahmavadinis and Swayamvara highlighted their significant societal roles. Marriage customs varied widely, encompassing eight distinct forms as detailed in Grihya Sutras. Over time, with the growing influence of Brahmanical codes such as Manu Smriti and Yajnavalkya Smriti, the status of women gradually declined. Early marriage became normative, and women's educational and religious roles diminished significantly. Despite certain proprietary rights like stridhan, women faced increased restrictions during menstruation, pregnancy, and widowhood. Thus, the historical trajectory of women’s status in ancient India reflects a complex interplay of empowerment, gradual subordination, and religious transformations.